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115-5-第五节 NSAID的选择及使用原则
一、合理选用药物
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$ L0 K/ i. U: x( x) L 由于NSAID种类繁多,新药不断推出,一方面使临床医生有了较大的选择余地,另一方面也要求我们熟悉掌握NSAID的共性及每个药物品种的特性,以便合理选用。
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1.依照NSAID的作用特点选择
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NSAID普遍具有抗炎、止痛、解热等功效,但每个品种可能有所偏重。如阿司匹林、叫噪美辛退热功力更强,甚至作为退热药应用;叫噪美辛具有独特的抗炎、止痛作用,常用于治疗血清阴性脊柱关节病及痛风等疾病。
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8 n; @1 A' x& s6 Z: k& y/ }8 g 2.某些药物疗效与剂A相关
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# T: F4 `7 U7 [0 @) |" w 某些NSAID小、中剂量即有退热、止痛作用。作为抗炎药应用时,常需大剂量,如阿司匹林的成人抗炎剂量为4一6g/d,布洛芬的抗炎剂量大于1.8g/d;对于抗炎剂量与止痛剂量接近的新药患者更易接受。5 n0 F0 X# D" X7 V7 L4 N
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3.用药时间对药效的影响
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+ X& l" x2 y2 q% J' `* P7 {' K NSAID的解热、止痛作用在用药后较短时间即可生效,而其抗炎作用则需两周左右才能完全建立,因此需要相当的用药时间来评价抗炎疗效。 6 t& Q$ c, R8 J8 w
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4.不重.用药
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5 n* w5 O+ A) o( j A 一般不主张同时使用两种或两种以上的NSAID,它们竞争性与血浆白蛋白结合,游离出的药物代谢排出,因此相互影响血药浓度,疗效不能加强,而副作用增加。
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5.全程观察药物反应
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: h" k. E* ~2 R2 t4 X4 b9 `$ { NSAID的胃肠道等副作用常与用药剂量、用药时间正相关,因此用药之初无不适,不等于是完全安全的,应在用药全程进行观察。 - d" q4 q, z2 \% k
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6.注意效益与费用的比值
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& D+ Z& I% U2 e3 |0 K" M 尽量选用疗效及安全性好的NSAID,避免使用毒副作用大的药品,如保泰松等。在疗效、安全性相当的前提下,应选用价格低廉、服用方便的药品。 [+ [- u# r1 ^" H& K
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二、个体化用药原则
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临床医生面对的是病情各异的患者,且他们对各个 NSAID的反应、治疗效果、最大耐受剂量、毒副作用存在较大的个体差异,可以说当前没有任何一种NSAID对任何患者都是最好的,因此我们必须结合每个患者的具体情况选用NSAID. 0 v; O* d, r# N. z( c
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* \3 ?; _( _4 A. E6 Z0 ] 老年、小儿患者应减量使用NSAID。老年人胃肠道、肝肾功能相对较弱,对药品的耐受能力降低,用药应减量。另外妊娠及哺乳期妇女应列为相对禁忌,以避免NSAID可能对胎儿、新生儿产生不利影响。 2 X9 G, I' x% K$ I4 w! F/ r$ y
5 P" y) u: e+ m9 G7 L; e4 ? 2.根据病种选药 - l+ D- K1 ]. ?) {& r$ ]( Q, O W
" j k& s5 y( Z' u0 c; B" o 因为不同的病种,对药物的要求及用药的持续时间不同,可以适当根据病种选药。如强直性脊柱炎首选Oil噪美辛;风湿热首选阿司匹林;活动期类风湿关节炎患者需长期用药,可使用美洛昔康、蔡丁美酮、依托度酸、双氯芬酸等疗效较好、相对安全的药品;骨关节炎不宜长期使用叫噪美辛、阿司匹林等干扰关节软骨基质合成的NSAID。
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# V3 C2 J! N9 U; x" Z5 c 3.适时换药
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# T$ P& _+ q! B. D8 A1 E* F 每个NSAID品种并非对每种疾病、每个患者均有效,当患者正规服用一种NSAID用2一3周确实无效时,可更换另一药品,但不应短期内频频换药。对于以前曾经应用有效的药品,可再次使用。
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+ g( ~" p5 d- o9 l r+ v; C 4.注意伴发疾病
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8 h" P; R5 E( g T E. i" p; | 患者伴发活动性溃疡病、溃疡性结肠炎、近期胃肠道出血、肾功能不全、血细胞减少、出血倾向等,为使用NSAID的禁忌证;肝功能不正常、围手术期的患者亦应慎用;直肠肛门疾患的患者不宜使用栓剂;局部皮肤损伤的患者不宜使用外用药。 , G, I# g3 `4 |8 `8 t% H C
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5.注意药物的相互作用
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8 C; W( d' X% j# L 患者同时服用其他药物时应注意与NSAID的相互作用,如 NSAID可增加抗凝药物作用引起出血;可降低R受体阻滞剂等抗高血压的效能;对抗某些利尿剂的作用;加强磺脉类降糖药物的降血糖作用,甚至引起低血糖;与激素合用增加胃肠道不良反应的危险;与洋地黄制剂合用时,应注意防止洋地黄中毒。
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% j4 T+ r7 |+ S; p 6.替惕药物过敏
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/ s( }0 T# o7 _% o j 本类药物之间可出现交叉过敏,当患者对其中一种药品发生过敏时,应慎用或禁用其他的NSAID. 2 l. w1 O, j, V' M8 O
( 戴德哉 黄彦弘 伍沪生 )
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