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发表于 2008-11-21 09:55:20
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115-5-第五节 NSAID的选择及使用原则
一、合理选用药物
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由于NSAID种类繁多,新药不断推出,一方面使临床医生有了较大的选择余地,另一方面也要求我们熟悉掌握NSAID的共性及每个药物品种的特性,以便合理选用。
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1.依照NSAID的作用特点选择 ; [/ ?, W7 k( n3 |$ R# |. ~
$ S/ I& X0 ?) c( L; q9 B NSAID普遍具有抗炎、止痛、解热等功效,但每个品种可能有所偏重。如阿司匹林、叫噪美辛退热功力更强,甚至作为退热药应用;叫噪美辛具有独特的抗炎、止痛作用,常用于治疗血清阴性脊柱关节病及痛风等疾病。
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1 ?: R+ W U' \1 c0 i) T+ r0 S% d5 a 2.某些药物疗效与剂A相关 1 h' I* |1 F0 _+ ]! b
D* @! L4 U2 w# G3 F$ x- H 某些NSAID小、中剂量即有退热、止痛作用。作为抗炎药应用时,常需大剂量,如阿司匹林的成人抗炎剂量为4一6g/d,布洛芬的抗炎剂量大于1.8g/d;对于抗炎剂量与止痛剂量接近的新药患者更易接受。* u6 ]' N1 F+ e% X
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3.用药时间对药效的影响
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NSAID的解热、止痛作用在用药后较短时间即可生效,而其抗炎作用则需两周左右才能完全建立,因此需要相当的用药时间来评价抗炎疗效。
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; C, S6 g; I- x% y( \, B: u 4.不重.用药 8 B1 x' p D: N+ G3 h$ [) K3 i
* W0 j$ J. E, }" K- e 一般不主张同时使用两种或两种以上的NSAID,它们竞争性与血浆白蛋白结合,游离出的药物代谢排出,因此相互影响血药浓度,疗效不能加强,而副作用增加。 ' ]* y1 G& r4 C
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5.全程观察药物反应 9 k4 g# |% P9 P+ j7 u7 z' k. P
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NSAID的胃肠道等副作用常与用药剂量、用药时间正相关,因此用药之初无不适,不等于是完全安全的,应在用药全程进行观察。
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. f- m. ? w2 c( v! f 6.注意效益与费用的比值
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尽量选用疗效及安全性好的NSAID,避免使用毒副作用大的药品,如保泰松等。在疗效、安全性相当的前提下,应选用价格低廉、服用方便的药品。 3 U0 }2 x0 D' {3 R3 w& W8 }$ Y
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二、个体化用药原则 ) M. b4 o. u, B$ @9 P' q( X
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临床医生面对的是病情各异的患者,且他们对各个 NSAID的反应、治疗效果、最大耐受剂量、毒副作用存在较大的个体差异,可以说当前没有任何一种NSAID对任何患者都是最好的,因此我们必须结合每个患者的具体情况选用NSAID. 0 S! V4 h/ G8 |' p
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老年、小儿患者应减量使用NSAID。老年人胃肠道、肝肾功能相对较弱,对药品的耐受能力降低,用药应减量。另外妊娠及哺乳期妇女应列为相对禁忌,以避免NSAID可能对胎儿、新生儿产生不利影响。
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2.根据病种选药
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& n! K9 }, d( N" E0 M) q0 i& | 因为不同的病种,对药物的要求及用药的持续时间不同,可以适当根据病种选药。如强直性脊柱炎首选Oil噪美辛;风湿热首选阿司匹林;活动期类风湿关节炎患者需长期用药,可使用美洛昔康、蔡丁美酮、依托度酸、双氯芬酸等疗效较好、相对安全的药品;骨关节炎不宜长期使用叫噪美辛、阿司匹林等干扰关节软骨基质合成的NSAID。 `- a( u1 m( i" {& S8 K
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3.适时换药 + I( p" k$ R/ R9 g
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每个NSAID品种并非对每种疾病、每个患者均有效,当患者正规服用一种NSAID用2一3周确实无效时,可更换另一药品,但不应短期内频频换药。对于以前曾经应用有效的药品,可再次使用。
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8 J$ p2 u$ y9 p; w 4.注意伴发疾病 6 M! D- F: O, [* {8 o
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患者伴发活动性溃疡病、溃疡性结肠炎、近期胃肠道出血、肾功能不全、血细胞减少、出血倾向等,为使用NSAID的禁忌证;肝功能不正常、围手术期的患者亦应慎用;直肠肛门疾患的患者不宜使用栓剂;局部皮肤损伤的患者不宜使用外用药。 ' M8 D! G# |0 d4 t) Q* c. i
, Q& e+ q& ]) c8 k1 d 5.注意药物的相互作用 / E& w9 F- [" P+ i: _
3 A7 K7 F3 M" D1 U, S/ ]" a4 \1 u 患者同时服用其他药物时应注意与NSAID的相互作用,如 NSAID可增加抗凝药物作用引起出血;可降低R受体阻滞剂等抗高血压的效能;对抗某些利尿剂的作用;加强磺脉类降糖药物的降血糖作用,甚至引起低血糖;与激素合用增加胃肠道不良反应的危险;与洋地黄制剂合用时,应注意防止洋地黄中毒。 7 T* k) b7 M1 X1 Q8 `6 ~
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) M5 D6 B4 d" K 本类药物之间可出现交叉过敏,当患者对其中一种药品发生过敏时,应慎用或禁用其他的NSAID.
7 z6 r, b: P. R4 v ( 戴德哉 黄彦弘 伍沪生 )1 X7 |0 M/ K" M$ G) r# `
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