|
楼主 |
发表于 2008-12-3 15:10:36
|
显示全部楼层
91-8-第八节 骨髓水肿综合征
骨髓水肿综合征(BMES )是一个独立的、具有自限性的、一过性临床过程。它的特征是髓部疼痛、X线显示骨质疏松、MRI显示骨髓水肿,通常只发生在怀孕3个月的妇女和中年男性。临床表现有髓部进行性疼痛、疼痛步态以及受累肢体的功能障碍。后者与疼痛不成正比,受累舰关节活动不受限,但肢体活动时常出现疼痛。症状和影像学改变平均持续6个月。通常每次只有一侧靛受累,但有40%的患者会出现症状复发或累及另一髓或其他关节。
4 P3 }& u/ n1 N- P& h) P) H6 o M2 m! z m% c" [, Z
典型的临床过程可分为三期,第一期持续4周,疼痛急性发作及出现进行性功能障碍;X线表现正常;骨扫描显示整个股骨头、颈直至转子间线出现示踪剂摄取增加;MRI信号改变的区域与骨扫描相同,T1加权相为低信号,T2加权相为高信号。另外可看到关节有渗出,MRI和骨扫描的改变可早在髓关节出现疼痛后 48小时观察到。第二期,也即平台期,持续1-2个月,症状稳定,X线显示股骨头和颈广泛的骨质疏松,偶尔也累及骸臼。没有软骨下骨折、致密性硬化或者退行性改变等骨坏死的表现。第三期,也即恢复期,持续4一6个月,X线显示骨密度恢复正常,症状全部消退。 B/ W/ z1 j6 c J/ B
# P4 K# E7 H1 l1 T6 s% \6 o
BMES的病因尚不清楚,有关的推测假说包括非创伤性交感神经反射功能紊乱;病毒介导的破骨细胞活动增加;一过性缺血导致选择性骨髓坏死而不是骨坏死。后一种学说的支持者认为,BMES可能是一个短时间缺血引起的可逆性骨坏死的先兆过程,病人骨功能检查显示股骨头骨内压显著升高,造影剂清除异常。症状出现后 3周股骨头活检标本显示,骨髓成分弥漫性间质水肿、脂肪细胞碎裂以及大量的新骨形成。在正常的骨小梁上有连续的类骨层沉积,其中含有活骨细胞。骨量没有丢失,但骨的矿化相对减低,类骨与矿化骨的比例增加,X线显示股骨头有成骨表现。 % c! ?$ K( P0 X' Z
1 n P8 O/ a' X' Z/ U1 D5 w" Y
BMES的患者可采用保护性负重和止痛剂等对症治疗。尽管髓芯减压术可缓解急性疼痛,但对这个自限性疾病不必冒手术的风险。很少见到出现 BMES的孕妇因跌倒而致股骨颈骨折需要进行复位和内固定的报告。由于X线、骨扫描以及MR1的改变不是独特的病理表现,因此,应当排除浸润性肿瘤、骨外伤和感染等疾病。
* K9 T2 o, q+ o6 X$ f6 _% Y$ ?5 E2 X& r
骨坏死可以定义为骨和骨髓成分的缺血性坏死并可能导致软骨下骨折、关节变形和关节病的病理过程。它可有多种原因引起,包括创伤、使用激素及嗜酒等,也可以没有明确的发病因素。骨坏死的自然病程有多种情况,但通常呈进行性而且可以致残,尤其当发生于大的负重关节时。血管和代谢损害的不完全愈合使髓关节易于出现软骨下骨折和塌陷。骨坏死的治疗仍然是尚未解决的临床难题。多种手术方法已被尝试用于防止疾病进展,但没有一种能取得肯定成功的疗效,尤其在病变出现软骨下塌陷后。未来研究应致力于更准确的确定疾病的自然病程,并根据病灶的大小和位置判定治疗效果。探索早期病变的非手术疗法,进行随机、对照、前瞻性研究确定最佳的手术方式。 , n4 e% u% R' }% _# P7 m/ ?0 P* d1 E h
( 邱贵兴 )5 \( m* f4 b2 @2 }5 |
参考文献:
& B9 V8 V6 b7 t! g4 L
6 U! f: e& C5 Q8 y 李军伟、翁习生、邱贵兴.股骨头缺血性坏死的外科治疗进展,中华骨科杂志,2002. 22(7): 437一477 Aaron RK, Cimobor DM. Electrical stimulation of bone in-duction and gtafting. In Habal MB, Rrddi AH(eds):Bone Graftsand Bone Substitutes. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1992. 192一205 Amstutz HC, Noordin S, Campbell PA, et al. Precision fitsurface hemoarthroplasty oft femoral head osteonecrosis. In JonesJP Jr, Urbaniak JR(eds):Osteonecrosis:etiology, diagnosis, andtreatment. Rosemont,m American Academy of OrthopaedicSurgeons, 1997.373一383 Bradbury G, Benjamin J, Thompson J, et al Avasculatnecrosis of bone after cardiac transplantation. J Bone Joint Surg1994.76A 385 Brazil M, Lindeser RS, Dickhaus JJ, et al Aseptic hipnecrosis after renal transplantation. Arch SURG 1986. 121 803 Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Baker KJ Mechanical conse-quences of core drilling and bone-grafting on osteonecrosis of thefemoral head. J Bone Joint Surg 1993. 75A 358 Brunelli G, Brenelli G Free microvascular fibular transferfor idiopathic femoral head necrosis:long-term follow-up. J Re-construct Microsurg 1991. 7:285 Buckley PD, Gearen PF, Petty RW: Structural bone-graft-ing for early atraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. JBone Joint Surg 1991.73A:1357 Cabanela ME: Bipolar versus total hip arthroplasty for avas-cular necrosis of the femoral head: A complarison. Clin Orthop1990. 261:59 Capello WN, Colyer RA, Gemlick BE, et al: The use of ce-mentless stems in the treatment of osteonecrosis. In Jones JP Jr,Ubaniak JR(eds):Osteonecrosis : etiology, diagnosis, and treat-ment. Rosemont,班 American Academy of Orthopaedic Sur-geons 1997.397一403 Castro FPJr, Barrack RL. Core decompression and conser-vative treatment for avaseular necrosis of the femoral head: ameta-analysis. Am J orthop. 2000. 29: 187一194 Catto M: A hisological study of avascular necrosis of thefemoral head after transcervical fracture. J Bone Joint Surg 1965.47B:749 Chan TW, Dalinka MK, Steinberg ME: MRI appearance offemoral head osteonecrosis following core decompression and bonegrafting. Skeletal Radiol 1991.20:103 Conway WF, Hayes CW, Daniel WW: Bpne marrow edemasyndrome on MR images: Transient osteoporosis or early os-teonecrosis of bone? RSNA Categorical Course in Musculoskeleld-tal Radiology, 1993. 141一154 Crock HV : . A revision of the anatomy of the atreries supply-ing the upper end of the human femur J Anat 1965. 99:77 Davidson JJ, Coogan PG, Gunneson EE, et al: The asymp-tomatic contralateral hip in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. InJones JP Jr, Urbaniak JR(eds):Osteonecrosis: Etiolog, Diagno-sis, and Treatment. Rosemont,m,American Academy of Or-thopaedic Surgeons, 1997. 231一246 Dean MT, Cabanela ME: Transtrochanteric anterior rota-tional osteotomy for avascular necrosis of the femoral head Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg 1993. 7513:597 Delee JC: Fractures and dislocations of the hip. In Rock-wood ACA, Green DP, Bucholz RW, Heckman JD(eds):Rock-wood and Green, s Fractures in Akults. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1996.1659一1825 Enneking WF: Classification of nontraumatic osteonecrosisof the femoral head. InJones JR Jr, Urbaniak JR(eds ):Os-teonecrosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Rosemont, IB,American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1997. 269一284 Fairbank AC, Bhatia D, Jinnah RH, et al: Long-term re-sults of core decompression for ischaemic necrosis of the femoralhead. J Bone Joint Surg 1995. 7713:42 Felson DT, Anderson JS: A cross-study evaluation of associ-ation between steroid dose and bolus steroids and avascular necro-sis of bone. Lancet 1987. 1:902 Ficat RP: Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head: Ear-ly diagnosis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg 1985. 6713:3 Frankel ES, Urbaniak JR. Osteonecrosis. In: Ruddy S, etal. ed Kelley's textbook of Rheumatology, 6th ed, Philadelphia,W. B. Saunders company,2001. 1653一1665 Gallinaro P, Masse A. Flexion osteotomy in the treatment ofavascular necrosis of the hip. Clin Orthop,2001.386,79一84 Gardeniers JWM: ARCO international classification of os-teonecrosis. ARCO Newsletter 1993. 5:79 Garino JP. Steinberg ME. Total hip arthroplasty in patientswith avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop. 1997.334,108一115 Glimcher MJ, Kenzoora JE: The biology of osteonecrosis ofthe human femoral head and its clinical implications: ][[ , Discus-sion of the etiology and genesis of the pathological sequelae:Com-ments on treatment. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1979. 140:273 Glimcher MJ,Kenzora JE: The biology of osteonecrosis ofthe human femoral head and its implications: 1. Tissue biology.Clin Orthop Rel Res 1979.138:284 Glimcher MJ, Kenzora JE: The biology of osteonecrosis ofthe human femoral head and its clinical implications: II.Thepathological changes in the femoral head as an organ and in the hipjoint. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1979. 139:283 Guerra JJ, Steinberg ME: Distinguishing transient osteo-porosis from avascular necrosis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg,1995. 77A:616 Hofmann S, Kramer J, Leder K, et al: Bone-marrow oede-ma syndrome and transient osteoprosis of the hip: an MRI-con-trolled study of treatment by core decompression. J Bone JointSurg 1994.7513:210 Hofmann S, Mazieres B. Osteonecrosis: Natural course andconservative therapy. Osteopade,2000. 29: 403一410 Hosokawa A, Mohtai M, Hotokebuchi T, et al:Transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy for idiopathic and steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. In Jones JP Jr, Urba-niak JR(eds):Osteonecrosis:Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treat-merit,Rosemont,mAmerican Academy of Orthopaedic Sur-geons,1997. 309一314 Hungerford MW, Mont MA, Scott R, et al: Surface re-placement hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of osteonecrosis ofthe femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg 1998. 80A:1656 Jones JP Jr, Urbaniak JR (eds):Osteonecrosis: Etiology,Diagnosis, and Treatment. Rosemont, M,American Academy ofOrthopaedic Surgeons, 1997. 89一96 Jones JP Jr: Concepts of etiologu and early pathogenesis ofosteonecrosis.In Schafer M (ed):Instructional Course Lectures.Rosemont, 11,American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,1994. 499一512 Koo KH, Kim R, KO GH,et al: Preventing collapse in ear-ly ostionecrosis of the femoral head: A randomized clinical trial ofcore decompression. J Bone Joint Surg 1995. 7713:870 Kopecky KK, Braunstein EM, Brandt KID, et al: Apparentavascular necrosis of the hip: Appearance and spontaneous resolu-tion of MR fiodiogs in renal allograft recipients. Radiolog 1991.179:523 Kramer J, Hofmann S, Imhof H: The non-traumatic femurhead necrosis in the adult: II.Rasiologic diagnosis and staging.Radiologe 1994.34;11 Lotke PA, Ecker JL: Osteonecrosis of the knee. J BoneJoint Surg 1998. 7313:470, Lu-Yao GL, Keller RB, LittenbergB, et al: Outcomes after displaced fractures of the femoral neck:A meta-analysis of one hundred and siz published reports. J BoneJoint Surg 1994.76A:15 Magid D, Fishman EK, Scott WW Jr, et al: FEMORALheas avascular necrosis: CT assessment with multiplanar recon-struction. Radiology 1985.157:751 Mankin HJ: Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of bone. N Engl JMed 1992.326:1473 Marcus ND, Enneking WF, Massam RA: The silent hip inidiopathic aseptic necrosis: Treatment by bone-grafting. J BoneJoint Surg 1973.55A: 1351 Mitchell DG, Rao VM, Dalinka MK, et al: Femoral headavascular necrosis: Correlation of MR imaging, radiographic stag-ing, radionuclide imaging, and clinical findings. Radiology 1987.162:709 Mitchell DG, Steinberg ME, Dalinka MK, et al: Magneticresonance imaging of the ischemis hip: Alterations within the os-teonecrotic, viable, and reactive zones. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1989.244:60 Mont MA, Carbone JJ, Fairbank AC: Core decompressionversunonoperative management for osteonecrosis of the hip. ClinOrthop Rel Res 1996. 324:169 Mont MA, Fairbank AC, Drachow DA, et al: Correctiveosteotomy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Bone JointSurg,1996.78A:1032 Mont MA, Hungerford DS: Current concepts review: Non-traunatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg1995.77A:459 Mont MA, Maar DC, Urquhart MW, et al:Avascularnecrosis of the humeral head treated by core decompression:aretropective review. J Bone Joint Surg1993. 7513:785 Nakai T, Masuhara K, Nakase T, et al. Pathology offemoral head collapse following transtrochanteric rotational os-teotomy for osteonecrosis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000.120: 489一492 Nelson LM, Clark CR: Efficacy of Phemister bone graftingin nontraumatic aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. J Arthro-plasty 1993.8:253 Plancher KD, Razi A. Management of osteonecrosis of thefemoral head. Orthop Clin North Am. 1997. 28: 461一477 Plenk H, Hofmann S, Eschberger J, et al:Histohmorpho-logy and bone morphometry of the bone marrow edema syndromeof the hip. Clin Orthop 1997. 334:73 Schapira D: Transient osteoporosis of the hip. Semin Arthri-tis Rheum 1992.22:98 Scher MA, Jakim I : Intertrochanteric osteotomy and the au-togenous bone-grafting of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg 1993. 75A:1119 Scully SP, Aaron RK, Urbaniak JR: Suvival analysis of hipstreated with core decompression or vascularized fibular graftingbecause of avaxcular necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1998. 80A:1270 Sekiya JK, Ruch DS, Hunter DM, et al: The role ofarthroscopy in the diagnosis and staging of osteonedrosis. In JonesJP Jr, Rrbaniak JR (eds):Osteonedrosis: Etiology, Diagnosis,and Treatment Rosemont, 11,American Academy of Or-thopaedic Surgeons, 1997. 253一260 Siguier T. Siguier M, Judet T, et al.arthroplasty of the femoral head in avascularindications, and results, Clin Orthop. Sotereanos DG, Plakseychuk AY,2001.Partial resurfacingnecrosis: methods386,85一92Rubash HE: Free vascu-larized fibula grafting for the treatment of osteonecrosis of thefemoral head. Clin Orthop 1977. 344:243 Soto-Hall R; Johnson LH, johnson R: Variations in the intra-articular pressure of the hip joint in injury and disease. J BoneJoint Surg 1964.46A:509 Steinberg ME, Brighton CT, Corces A, et al: Osteonecrosisof the femoral head: Results of core decompression and graftingwith and without electrical stimulation. Clin Orthop 1989. 249:199 Steinberg ME, Brighton CT, Bands RE, et al: Capacitivecoupling as an adjunctive treatment for avascular necrosis. ClinOrthop 1990.261:11 Steinberg ME, Hayken GD, Steinberg DR: A quantitativesystem for staging avascular necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg 19957713:34 Stulberg BN, Dais AW, Bauer TW, et al: Osteonecrosis ofthe femoral head: A prospective randomixed treatment protocolClin Orthop 1991.268:140 Sugano N, Takaoka K, et al: Prognostication of nontrau-matic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop RelRES 1994.303:155 Urbaniak JR, Coogan PG, Gunneson EB, et al: Treatmentof osteonecrosis of the femoral head with free vascularized fibulargrafting: A long-term follow-up study of one hundred and threehips. J Bone Joint Surg 1995. 77A:681 Vail TP, Urbaniak JR: Donor-site morbidity with use ofvascularized autogenous fibular grafts. J Bone Joint Surg 1996.78A:204 Xenakis TA, Gelalis 7, koukoubis TA, to al. Cementless hipatthroplasty in the treatment of patients with femoral head necro-sis. Clin Orthop. 2001.386,83一99 |
|