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发表于 2008-12-16 10:00:07
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38-12-第十二节 系统性硬化
系统性硬化 (SSC)是一种慢性进行性结缔组织纤维化的疾病,常累及皮肤、血管、滑膜、骨骼肌及内脏等。受累的内脏中以心、肾、肺和胃肠道明显,其基本病理变化是结缔组织纤维化、闭塞性小动脉炎和广泛小动脉挛缩。半数以上累及心脏,可出现在疾病的各个阶段,发病越早,预后越差。死亡病例中有1/3---1/2死于心脏病变。有人称本病是一种原发性血管病。血管病变常发生于胶原硬化之前。小动脉呈增生性血管炎。毛细血管减少,毛细血管禅变形扩张,血流淤滞。心肌有明显的血管壁水肿等改变,80%以上平滑肌的毛细血管丧失。心脏增大,心肌广泛性萎缩和纤维变性。心肌内发生中、小血管的广泛硬化。心内膜、心包出现胶原纤维蛋白样变性,伴炎症浸润。胶原纤维的陈旧性损害表现为均一性和硬化。心内膜和心瓣膜增厚者不多。纤维蛋白性心包炎极为常见。真皮内血管平滑肌受累,小血管壁增厚并硬化,管腔缩小甚至阻塞。皮下组织内大小血管壁均显著增厚,管腔狭窄。 0 g( o+ h6 a& e, q J" s2 T
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1.心包炎
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尸检报告,SSC患者心包受累高达50 ,包括纤维素性心包炎、心包粘连和心包积液。心包炎通常属慢性粘连型,程度轻,不影响心脏舒张功能,临床可以无症状。Smith等用超声心动图检查59例 SS。病人,有 22例检出心包积液,临床有症状的为7例。积液可为渗出性,急性心包炎可用非特异性的消炎止痛药,密切观察肾功能。糖皮质激素主要针对原发病的治疗,很少需要心包穿刺或外科手术。 . Y4 n* p' x) A1 m- @" I5 F
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2.心肌病变 7 p! ?) H7 R ]0 i+ O/ {$ t
6 @3 ^; j; `- C& [" v 心肌可发生局限性或弥漫性纤维化,心肌纤维增生肥大,伴局灶性坏死,各房室腔增大,顺应性差,发生心功能异常。心肌小动脉内膜增厚,导致管腔狭窄和闭塞,造成继发性心肌缺血,最终出现心力衰竭。SSC引起的心力衰竭难以控制,呈进行性加重。 5 u4 V( d8 X% |# P/ {
, l J; ]1 p8 l$ k" n 3.心律失常
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! R0 [# h0 n4 ]* \' i! d( w P5 x SSC患者50%心电图不正常,包括不同程度的传导阻滞、心肌梗死样改变、室性心动过速和阵发性室上性心动过速、心房颤动、过早搏动、低电压、ST段压低及T波平坦或倒置等异常表现。心电图异常的范围与心肌纤维化的程度是一致的。 " R4 p% |5 E2 @2 ?; T* Y
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4.心内膜和心瓣膜病变
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4 d0 Z' n' _: l! ^5 P8 W c2 b* O 心瓣膜很少累及,偶有房室瓣增厚或非特异性赘生物性心内膜炎。有报道二尖瓣游离壁由于多个小结节引起二尖瓣狭窄。
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5.其他
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3 n2 g% A/ M# B; V9 ^ 系统性硬化可有非特异性二尖瓣和主动脉瓣增厚。SSC病人可合并肺纤维化及肺血管阻力增加,导致肺动脉高压,右心室肥厚,最终可出现右心衰竭。肺动脉高压是硬皮病致死的主要原因。半数 SSC病人有肾脏病变,形成继发性高血压和肾功能衰竭。肢端多数有雷诺现象和毛细血管扩张。甲皱多数毛细血管撑模糊,有渗出和水肿,血管檬数显著减少,血管明显扩张,血流迟缓。多数伴有出血点。指(趾)动脉造影可显示动脉阻塞。
' `% Z5 M8 v( h7 O (范中杰)
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