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104-3-第三节 慢性疲劳综合征和纤维肌痛
一、两种疾病的关系& J( {, @1 p( f* j% I7 g" K( W
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CFS和FM之间的关系相当复杂。很多研究者指出两者存在许多重叠的症状,认为它们实质上可能只是表现了同一疾病的不同侧面。FM和CFS均有疲劳、睡眠障碍、头痛、焦虑、抑郁、麻痹以及活动后症状加重等症状。有时在FM中也可看到CFS典型的急性发作。Buch-wald等详细地描述了50例 FM患者的临床表现,指出以前认为不是FM特征性的症状也有很高的发生率:复发性喉痛(54%)、复发性皮疹(47%)、过敏史(64%),慢性咳嗽(40%)、复发性淋巴结病(33 )和低热(28%). 55%的FM患者在急性病毒感染后急性发作。同样,Gold-enberg及其同事报告了一组显著疲劳持续6个月以上的27例患者的病史、体检和压痛点个数,发现在这组患者中70%的病人有弥漫性肌肉骨骼疼痛。仅以慢性疲劳症状为基础的这组病人,他们的压痛点数与同时进行对比的一组FM患者没有差别。 + n4 h5 q7 d% j0 {- c& D
0 a8 }4 S" J5 A, h* k 在另一项研究中,Buchwald和Garrity评估了90例患者,其中CFS , FM和多种化学物质过敏征(multiple chemical sensitivities, MCS)者各30人。在这三组病人中女性患者占大多数,比例从 60 % (CFS)到90% (FM)。她们的年龄(平均41-44岁)、民族/种族分布、婚姻状况、教育水平、就业率和疾病持续时间均相近。一个有力的假设是FM和 CFS均属于一组“情感障碍”性疾病,这组疾病还包括偏头痛和肌肉紧张性头痛、肠激惹综合征、多发性过敏综合征、MCS和膀脱激惹综合征。患者大多数是女性,而且她们中二尖瓣脱垂和子宫内膜炎的发病率也很高。
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二、发病机制 9 x" R! f. X* k( A3 \1 k
9 n0 I+ Q1 o. E. _, ^; B# y FM和CFS的病因尚不清楚。已经提出的很多有争议性的理论都颇为牵强。那些将CFS和FM视为纯粹心理疾病的研究者认为,FM患者仅仅是不能克服一些人人都有可能经历的疼痛和痛苦而已,直至因为这些症状造成某些人出现心理障碍时,临床上才将它们与疾病联系在一起。同样,CFS被认为是重度抑郁症或躯体症状化的一种变异体。Showalter具有说服力地论证了CFS可能属于一种出现在20世纪晚期的瘾症,并将其与海湾综合征、多重人格疾病、重现性记忆和外星人绑架等其他瘾症性“流行病”联系在一起。
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有些研究者提出CFS和 FM属于躯体疾病,他们认为频繁出现的焦虑和抑郁是由于患者对疼痛和疲劳的一种心理反应导致的。这种假设认为一旦疼痛和疲劳缓解,抑郁将自行好转。仔细研究CFS和FM病人后,发现这种观点并不正确。与躯体疾病的患者相比,CFS患者要承受包括抑郁症在内的严重精神疾病的心理负担。CFS和FM患者经常出现的焦虑和抑郁,不能简单地用这是一种对慢性疾病而引起功能障碍的反应来解释。
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“认知一行为”模式是一种有用的心理学研究方法,它假定患有慢性疲劳和疼痛的病人认为自己的疾患是由躯体的原因造成的,相信病J清会随着劳累而加重。因此,他们会尽量避免体力活动,结果反而加重躯体不适的症状,使得病情持续,生活不能自理。在CFS患者中,70%自认为是病毒致病的患者在起病一年后仍存在症状,而在那些没有刻意将其功能性疾患与身体的原因(如感染病毒)联系在一起的患者中,只有37%的人还有症状。
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主张CFS和FM是一种器质性病变的研究者发现,在磁共振(MRI )检查中CFS患者的脑白质内常可见点状分布的高信号区,在单光子发射计算机断层(SPECT)检查中发现患者丘脑和尾状核的血流减少,因此他们认为患者的中枢神经系统存在异常。P物质是一种神经肤递质,其浓度在FM患者的脑脊液中升高,并认为由此改变了感觉神经通路。希阿利管畸形(Chiari malformation)和颈脊髓管狭窄使脑脊液流量受阻,被认为是易患FM的因素。有报道FM患者生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子一I水平的下降与下丘脑一垂体轴的功能障碍相关。所有这些结果的解释仍是一些假设,研究者没有将这些应激反应系统中复杂的功能障碍与健康者做比较。一种已建立的“生物心理学”模型将用于研究 FM和 CFS中的机体因素和心理因素的相互作用。
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& }; H- S0 [" ? 机体的外伤和FM发病之间的相互关系尤其有争议。以色列研究者的发现有力支持了这种相关性,他们发现颈软组织损伤的成人在 1年内发生 FM的危险性比下肢骨折的患者多10倍以上(P=0.001)。然而,所有诊断为FM的患者都恢复了工作。因此作者得出的结论是“在决定外伤和FM的结局中社会制度和社会接纳工伤的程度起着巨大的作用”。而不同意这种观点的人指出在1990年ACR制定的FM标准所包含的18个压痛点中,有 10个是在颈部或在颈部周围。因此,伴有颈肩肌肉疼痛和压痛的颈部拉伤的患者比下肢骨折者更容易符合FM的ACR标准,这并不是件奇怪的事。实际上,腰部以下阳性压痛点的发生率在两组患者之间并无差异。 5 b: [! Y# T$ ?; x: r1 o L; q
4 ~4 `' X" b' I 推测外伤事件和发生FM之间的因果关系通常需要数月至数年之久。因外伤发展成FM的可能性常常与外伤的程度呈负相关。小的损伤比严重的损伤更容易“激发”FM. FM的严重性与活动力降低的程度往往是由社会的文化背景决定的。在以色列、立陶宛和新加坡这些国家,因小损伤而长期失去劳动力者不被社会所接受。故在这些国家中很少出现颈椎过度屈伸损伤后劳动力丧失的病例。两个权威性报道的结论是:目前还没有足够的资料证明FM和损伤之间存在一种因果关系。9 j! V' ~% o/ K j O% s& M2 T
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三、治疗 0 K, M1 c$ k1 C9 V# b
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一旦明确诊断FM或 CFS后,治疗的第一步就是教育患者了解自己的疾病,包括疾病的一系列症状,要使患者重新相信自己的疾病确实存在,而且可以得到有效的治疗,亦不会恶化,也不会残废或致命。重要的是消除“病毒病因学”和其他有关疾病病因的错误见解。 1 d+ L- K% @; E
, G( ]3 F7 B8 E. G ?1 x “认知行为”( cognitive-behavioral)被公认是最有用的治疗方法。在与患者讨论病情时,医生应把疾病的每一个组成因素如疼痛和疲劳分开,再分别针对每种组成因素使用不同的策略进行治疗。在疲劳方面,应着重强调患者正确的平衡锻炼和休息的关系。鼓励患者从简单的伸展运动开始,然后逐渐增加活动量,这时患者会感到精神状态改善,更有活力。推荐患者充分利用热水淋浴以及温水池内进行锻炼。在FM的治疗中,一位资深的物理治疗专家对患者来说是至关重要的,因为他既能有效地治疗病人的疼痛,又能帮助他们设计一套针对自己耐受力的分阶段锻炼计划。重要的是应强调循序渐进地进行锻炼,因为锻炼过度更容易加重疼痛和疲劳的症状。
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有效的认知行为治疗(CBT)的关键是在心理治疗的基础上试图纠正患者关于FM和CFS的错误观点。通过指导病人更有效地利用休息、睡眠和活动来调整日常活动。CBT的随机试验已成为针对CFS唯一可靠的治疗方法,它已经帮助了很多FM患者,特别是有认知障碍的FM患者。同样 EMU生物反馈(biofeed-back)、催眠疗法和针刺疗法也是有效的非药物治疗方法。
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3 \# M6 \' I. l" y; o& Z, `9 H' ` 如果患者全身只有一两个部位的疼痛点,在局部触发点单独注射利多卡因或利多卡因与皮质类固醇联合注射亦可能有效。大多数的注射治疗一般只能起到短期的疗效,并不能持久作用。最好是联合肌肉伸展锻炼和推拿(肌筋膜放松)治疗。
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对照试验证实阿米替林和环苯扎林等三环类药物能够有效的治疗FM和CFS。典型的给药方法是睡前一次服用。FM和CFS患者对于这类药物很敏感,即使剂量非常小,患者仍会出现软弱无力、口干、注意力难以集中、体液储留和体重增加。另一有效的药物是多虑平,儿童的剂型浓度为25mg/ml,应从小剂量起给药,然后逐渐增加剂量。有效的起始剂量是每晚6滴(3mg/滴),每隔几天增加2滴,直至患者感到休息的质量提高,晨起没有不适为止。 ) \3 K$ z# m4 u7 t' g" Q
e- B* o- \2 @- K 非类固醇抗炎药(NSAIDs),COX-2抑制剂和小剂量泼尼松(不超过20mg/d),对缓解FM的疼痛作用不明显。应该尽量避免应用大剂量的泼尼松,即便它能在短期内戏剧性的缓解病情最好也不要使用,因为一旦减少这种药物的剂量或停用,病情常变得更严重,且疾病将会出现“反跳”。曲马多和扑热息痛可能对治疗FM也有效。如果一定要用麻醉止痛剂,使用期限应短,因为长期应用会出现成瘾性。 + S7 U1 c+ S1 M5 O
# [, h$ v# G4 I2 m0 U( F. V 联合应用抗抑郁药能发挥最好的疗效。晨起服用氟西汀20mg以及睡前服用阿米替林25mg联合治疗FM,要比单独使用其中任何一种药都有效。改善睡眠的药物对FM和CFS患者是有用的,因为他们的睡眠常受到干扰。多虑平、轻基安定、N一乙酞-5一甲氧基色胺有可能诱导和维持休息性睡眠。对患有不能休息的多动腿综合征和夜间肌阵挛症的患者,使用小剂量的苯二氮卓类药物可能有效,如在睡前服用氯硝基安定0.5mg。用于治疗帕金森病的药物如息宁(Sinemet,是一种卡必多巴一左旋多巴的复合物)和Pramipexole也可能对上述疾病有一定帮助。
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$ c, U, @3 T$ j2 Y7 O j4 F 中枢神经刺激剂在治疗CFS的白天嗜睡症状方面成效甚低。无对照组的临床验证报告称,使用莫达尼非(modafinil )、匹莫林(pemo-line)和派醋甲醋(methylphenidate)在治疗上已获得成功。起初人们热衷用治疗良性神经原性体位性低血压的升压药,如氟氢可的松(fludro-cortisone)和甲氧胺福林 (midodrine)来治疗CFS。由于进一步的研究没有证实它们的疗效,所以对这两种药物的关注逐渐降低。
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关节炎基金会调查发现 90%以上的FM患者使用了替代性药物,这是因为有越来越多的用传统治疗方法失败的病例,而草药治疗FM却有一定的疗效。NADH, SAM-e (s一腺昔甲硫氨酸,s-adenosylmethionine)和苹果酸在无对照组的试验中显示有效。 1 B) Q; z! G: y* y8 R. R/ ]& [
, p( k% C2 h" S9 p 无论采用哪种治疗方法,临床医生首先必须灵活运用和理解这些治疗措施。那些适合所有患者的“菜谱式”僵化治疗方案,只能使自己失去患者的信任。# P) u1 f* R3 h+ W9 O
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大多数FM和CFS患者存在持续的慢性疼痛和疲劳。根据对FM患者随访14年的结果显示,他们的症状改变甚微。但是2/3的报道认为他们能进行全日制工作,FM仅仅是轻度影响他们的日常生活。在三级医疗中心随访的患者中,显示治疗效果往往较差。在6个转诊中心中,对538例患者八年的随访显示,疼痛、疲劳、睡眠障碍、焦虑和抑郁等症状基本没有改变。但是由社区初级保健医生治疗的患者却有相当好的预后。一项研究显示有35%的患者症状在两年内消失。
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$ ~% p. z& x$ k. u% ] 一项调查表明,在美国有20%的FM患者正在接受或申请伤残救助。相对而言,只有8%的类风湿关节炎或骨关节炎患者申请伤残救助。同时在美国大约有54%的FM患者完成日常活动有困难。仅有约25%的患者处于长期缓解期。大多数患者要经历复发和缓解的过程。不过患者一旦完全丧失工作能力,重新获得工作的可能性很小。
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CFS患者的预后也不理想。一年内只有不到1/3的患者症状能得到控制。一项前瞻性研究发现,在三年内观察的27例患者,只有4例症状得到持续缓解。另有一项系列研究发现,64%的CFS患者其症状在一年半内得到改善,但是完全缓解者只有2%。儿童CFS预后比成人好。一项系列研究显示,31例儿童CFS患儿中有24例(77.4%)的病情在平均17个月后好转或回到基线水平。几项研究均显示,至少有50 % CFS患儿的症状得到改善或恢复,这个统计结果足以使患儿和其父母放心。那些有持续性疲劳的患儿易于出现严重的疲劳感和更多的活动受限,更易于出现肌阵挛、麻痹和癫痛样发作等神经症状。' d# \$ k! y0 i1 Q L
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