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115-5-第五节 NSAID的选择及使用原则
一、合理选用药物 c2 Y) D" P/ J5 Z x& f
# |9 Q5 x% L" w. X. y% G7 Q& N# K 由于NSAID种类繁多,新药不断推出,一方面使临床医生有了较大的选择余地,另一方面也要求我们熟悉掌握NSAID的共性及每个药物品种的特性,以便合理选用。
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8 _7 U: h# ^+ U, [ 1.依照NSAID的作用特点选择 + _+ F% M4 Y8 z7 q1 Z) w0 [6 z
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NSAID普遍具有抗炎、止痛、解热等功效,但每个品种可能有所偏重。如阿司匹林、叫噪美辛退热功力更强,甚至作为退热药应用;叫噪美辛具有独特的抗炎、止痛作用,常用于治疗血清阴性脊柱关节病及痛风等疾病。
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: N7 |$ C" G _9 }; N 2.某些药物疗效与剂A相关 $ G' s5 T/ D9 O, T6 h
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某些NSAID小、中剂量即有退热、止痛作用。作为抗炎药应用时,常需大剂量,如阿司匹林的成人抗炎剂量为4一6g/d,布洛芬的抗炎剂量大于1.8g/d;对于抗炎剂量与止痛剂量接近的新药患者更易接受。9 V& i& h3 w# ^/ I8 c0 b& e! P* ]
5 Q7 H J3 P, \2 @( U 3.用药时间对药效的影响
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" m$ i' u9 x2 C2 n% n1 f NSAID的解热、止痛作用在用药后较短时间即可生效,而其抗炎作用则需两周左右才能完全建立,因此需要相当的用药时间来评价抗炎疗效。
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! n1 K) K* @& p% l+ t 4.不重.用药 " w( J' b1 k) T0 T" z
- g" O- f G" K$ l) T% o% U4 d 一般不主张同时使用两种或两种以上的NSAID,它们竞争性与血浆白蛋白结合,游离出的药物代谢排出,因此相互影响血药浓度,疗效不能加强,而副作用增加。 - v# \7 N$ i; @8 H1 @- g/ I% d
4 {* Z% }1 X' Q2 B& r 5.全程观察药物反应 1 y; p' t9 ^, B8 l8 S
) K! `+ J+ z: Y' t/ Q6 F- C NSAID的胃肠道等副作用常与用药剂量、用药时间正相关,因此用药之初无不适,不等于是完全安全的,应在用药全程进行观察。 + T& r; @; N( @
4 l6 V( Y( m* g U! I' _ 6.注意效益与费用的比值
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尽量选用疗效及安全性好的NSAID,避免使用毒副作用大的药品,如保泰松等。在疗效、安全性相当的前提下,应选用价格低廉、服用方便的药品。 ' z; _. X4 ~( b# l* p
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二、个体化用药原则
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; T7 M1 S( [3 x) [! }8 ?9 J 临床医生面对的是病情各异的患者,且他们对各个 NSAID的反应、治疗效果、最大耐受剂量、毒副作用存在较大的个体差异,可以说当前没有任何一种NSAID对任何患者都是最好的,因此我们必须结合每个患者的具体情况选用NSAID. ( W3 b- t$ [0 e3 L" C% c3 S
$ n& `2 w0 {7 Q6 x+ W4 ] 1.根据年龄用药 9 K8 g2 j1 W4 U5 l; _& @
" A' E- y1 M# ` 老年、小儿患者应减量使用NSAID。老年人胃肠道、肝肾功能相对较弱,对药品的耐受能力降低,用药应减量。另外妊娠及哺乳期妇女应列为相对禁忌,以避免NSAID可能对胎儿、新生儿产生不利影响。 & i x0 A3 W+ \+ d, O
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2.根据病种选药 5 [! e# K" T2 [# C
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因为不同的病种,对药物的要求及用药的持续时间不同,可以适当根据病种选药。如强直性脊柱炎首选Oil噪美辛;风湿热首选阿司匹林;活动期类风湿关节炎患者需长期用药,可使用美洛昔康、蔡丁美酮、依托度酸、双氯芬酸等疗效较好、相对安全的药品;骨关节炎不宜长期使用叫噪美辛、阿司匹林等干扰关节软骨基质合成的NSAID。
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3.适时换药 ( _! r( P& D3 N. C, O# X
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每个NSAID品种并非对每种疾病、每个患者均有效,当患者正规服用一种NSAID用2一3周确实无效时,可更换另一药品,但不应短期内频频换药。对于以前曾经应用有效的药品,可再次使用。
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% C6 K* V4 {* b# |' u" u$ Z+ } 4.注意伴发疾病 " ]; x" H' o1 A6 ?! n! I m5 o. G2 v
8 `& W0 J# @/ ^& G1 x 患者伴发活动性溃疡病、溃疡性结肠炎、近期胃肠道出血、肾功能不全、血细胞减少、出血倾向等,为使用NSAID的禁忌证;肝功能不正常、围手术期的患者亦应慎用;直肠肛门疾患的患者不宜使用栓剂;局部皮肤损伤的患者不宜使用外用药。
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5.注意药物的相互作用
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. _6 f2 d' N# s" R+ j8 s6 C 患者同时服用其他药物时应注意与NSAID的相互作用,如 NSAID可增加抗凝药物作用引起出血;可降低R受体阻滞剂等抗高血压的效能;对抗某些利尿剂的作用;加强磺脉类降糖药物的降血糖作用,甚至引起低血糖;与激素合用增加胃肠道不良反应的危险;与洋地黄制剂合用时,应注意防止洋地黄中毒。
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f& l) |" D9 I u* q 6.替惕药物过敏
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本类药物之间可出现交叉过敏,当患者对其中一种药品发生过敏时,应慎用或禁用其他的NSAID. & Z( W) W: \: M. u- u
( 戴德哉 黄彦弘 伍沪生 )- T( ?5 a( o" w: R) o8 `
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